What is the fundamental system of government that divides power between a central government and regional governments?

Federalism is the fundamental system of government that divides power between a central government and regional governments. This structure allows for multiple layers of governance, where certain powers are reserved for the national government, while others are designated to state or local governments. This division enables both levels of government to operate independently and efficiently within their jurisdictions, addressing local concerns while maintaining a cohesive national policy.

Federalism promotes a balance of power and helps prevent the concentration of authority in a single entity. It allows for diversity in laws and policies, reflecting the unique needs and preferences of different regions within a country. In the United States, for example, the Constitution establishes federalism by clearly delineating the powers of Congress, the states, and local governments.

In contrast, unitarism centralizes authority within a single national government, giving little power to regional entities. Confederalism involves a union of independent states that delegate specific powers to a central authority, which is often weak in comparison to the states. Autocracy features a system where power is concentrated in the hands of a single ruler or a small group, with little to no input from the broader population. Each of these systems lacks the distinct dual structure of governance that defines federalism.