What system of government existed in the United States from 1789 to 1937, characterized by shared powers between federal and state governments?

The period from 1789 to 1937 in the United States is best characterized by dual federalism, which refers to a system where both the federal and state governments maintain distinct areas of authority. During this time, federal and state powers were clearly defined, with the two levels of government operating independently within their respective realms. This arrangement allowed states significant control over local affairs, including matters like education, transportation, and law enforcement, while the federal government focused on national issues like defense, foreign affairs, and immigration.

The nature of dual federalism is often compared to a layer cake, where the responsibilities and powers of each level of government are separate and distinct. This contrasts with cooperative federalism, which emphasizes the collaboration between federal and state governments, often blurring the lines of authority. Understanding dual federalism is crucial because it sets the foundation for how the U.S. government has managed the balance of power between state and federal levels over time, ultimately evolving into more cooperative frameworks in later years.