What type of powers are implied through the necessary and proper clause of the Constitution?

The correct answer is C, Implied powers, because the necessary and proper clause, also known as the elastic clause, allows Congress to create laws that are not explicitly stated in the Constitution but are necessary to execute its expressed powers. This clause provides flexibility, granting the federal government the authority to implement a range of powers that are not directly spelled out in the Constitution.

For instance, while the Constitution enumerates specific powers of Congress (like the power to levy taxes or regulate commerce), the necessary and proper clause enables Congress to take actions that are not explicitly mentioned if those actions are seen as necessary to achieve its constitutional responsibilities. This has led to the development of various federal laws and actions that support the government’s functions, effectively extending its power beyond just the expressed powers.

In contrast, expressed powers are those that are clearly listed in the Constitution, concurrent powers are shared by both state and federal governments, and reserved powers are those that are not delegated to the federal government and are instead kept by the states. These distinctions highlight why "implied powers" is the correct choice in this context.